Archiv der Kategorie: Stomacher | Devante de Corsage | Large Brooch

stomacher, diamond stomacher, diamond large brooch, devante de corsage, pearl diamond stomacher, diamonds, brillants, sapphire stomacher, emerald stomacher

Youssupov | Jusupov Jewel Collection| Russian Imperial Jewelry

Royal Imperial Jusupov Emerald – Diamond – Stomacher | Jussupow Imperialer Smaragd Brustschmuck

Important Ruby – Diamond – Necklace |Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Rubin Diamant Kette

Ruby Stomacher Devante de Corsage - Romanov Jewels - Yussupov Jewellery

Ruby – Diamond – Necklace |Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Rubin Diamant Kette

Jusupov Romanov Jewels| Royal Imperial Russia Chaumet Ruby Bowknot Devant de Corsage

Chaumet Diamants Bleu Aigrette| Blue Diamonds Devante de Corsage|Yusupov Boucheron Stomacher | Bows and Ribbon Russian Imperial Court Jewelry|Youssoupoff Treasure

Chaumet Emerald Diamond Tiara | |Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov|Smaragd Diamant Diadem Bandeau von Chaumet

Ruby Diamond Chaumet Bandeau Tiara | | Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov|Royal Imperial Rubin Diamant Stirnband

Tiara Royal Imperial Jusupov
his diamond and ruby tiara in the Louis XV style was a wedding gift to Princess Irina. It is believed that Chaumet used stones from some old-fashioned pieces from the Yusupov collection to create jewelry commissioned by Prince Felix in 1914. The tiara was broken in 1925 by the Bolsheviks

 Emerald - Diamond - Stomacher | Jussupow Imperialer Smaragd Brustschmuck
Important Ruby - Diamond - Necklace |Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Rubin Diamant Kette
Ruby - Diamond - Necklace |Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Rubin Diamant Kette
Jusupov | Royal Imperial Russia Chaumet Ruby Bowknot Devant de Corsage
Chaumet Diamants Bleu Aigrette| Blue Diamonds Devante de Corsage|Yusupov Boucheron Stomacher | Bows and Ribbon Russian Imperial Court Jewelry|Youssoupoff Treasure
Chaumet Emerald Diamond Tiara | |Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov|Smaragd Diamant Diadem Bandeau von Chaumet
Ruby Diamond Chaumet Bandeau | | Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov|Royal Imperial Rubin Diamant Stirnband
Queen Marie Antoinette's Diamond Drops Earrings France | Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov|| Königin Marie-Antoinette's Diamanttropfen
Sapphire - Diamond Coronet | Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov|Saphir Diamant Krönchen - Diadem in Weissgold
Princess Irina`s Wedding Tiara | Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov| Hochzeits Diadem mit Brillanten und graviertem Bergkristall
LA PELEGRINA and the Black Azra Pearl |Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Die PELEGRINA Perle und die schwarze Azra Perle
Youssoupoff La Pelegrina | Imperial Russia | History Famous Pearl
Diamond flower Tiara Anna| Queen Marie Antoinette's Diamond Earrings | Marjorie Merriweather Post| Eleanor Close Barzin Berkassy | Important Royal Jewels

 

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All Lovers Knot`s Pearl Tiara Diadem | Five Loversknot Tiaras| the famous Pearl Tiara | Royal Jewel History
Youssupov - Lover Knot´s Pearl Tiara | | Loversknot Tiara Pearl Diadem| Lovers knots| Youssoupff Tropfen-Perlen Diadem mit dem Liebesknoten Ornament
Louis XV style Ruby Diamond Chaumet Bandeau Tiara | Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov|Royal Imperial

Ruby Diamond Chaumet Bandeau Jusupov TIara | Ruby Parure Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Royal Imperial

Ruby Diamond Chaumet Bandeau Jusupov TIara | Ruby Parure Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Royal Imperial  Ruby Diamond Chaumet Bandeau Jusupov TIara | Ruby Parure Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Royal Imperial
Ruby Diamond Chaumet Bandeau Jusupov TIara | Ruby Parure Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Royal Imperial

Queen Marie Antoinette’s Diamond Drops Earrings France | Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov|| Königin Marie-Antoinette’s Diamanttropfen

Sapphire – Diamond Coronet | Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov|Saphir Diamant Krönchen – Diadem in Weissgold

Princess Irina`s Wedding Tiara | Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov| Hochzeits Diadem mit Brillanten und graviertem Bergkristall

Princess Irina Yusupov's Rock Crystal Tiara The Yusupov Rock Crystal Tiara
 Cartier  tiara  diadem  diamondtiara  jewelry  romanovs  romanoff  romanovjewels  cartiertiara  diamond    irinayusupova  royalwedding  tiaras
Princess Irina Yusupov’s Rock Crystal Tiara updated
"Princess Irina`s Wedding necklace bridal gift from the Czar Diamond Riviere| Imperial Royal Jewel History Romanov Jusupov| Cartiers Wedding Necklace Cartiers Wedding, Irina,youssoupoff,erbstücke,diamant,russia,familienbesitz,rußland,Princess Yussupova diamonds,treasure trove,jewel,principe Jussopoff,schmuck,jewels,diamond riviere,magnificent diamond necklace,collector of fine jewellery,jewelry,jewels,Jusopov,Jussopov,Yusopov,imperial wedding gift,irina alexandrovna,irina yusupova,romanovs,romanoff,romanojewels,imperial jewelry,jewelry,princess of russia,joyas,romanov jewels,romanov jewellery,cartier jewellery,cartier riviere, The riviere diamond necklace was build from this imperial diamonds for Princess Irina of Russia twenty-nine round diamonds total 132,5 carats are later remounted from Cartier together with fifty-eight baguette diamond weighing 16 carats. The necklace was later sold with that notes of Prince Felix Youssoupoff Duchess Irina Alexandrovna Yusupova, Princess of the Imperial Blood Irina Alexandrovna Romanova  cartierdiamonds  royaljewelry   Imperial Russian Diamonds  cartier  cartierdiamonds   cartierjewelry
Princess Irina`s Wedding necklace bridal gift from the Czar Diamond Riviere| Imperial Royal Jewel History Romanov Jusupov| Cartiers Wedding Necklace

LA PELEGRINA and the Black Azra Pearl |Imperial Royal Jewel History Jusupov | Die PELEGRINA Perle und die schwarze Azra Perle

Youssoupoff La Pelegrina | Imperial Russia | History Famous Pearl

Diamond flower Tiara Anna| Queen Marie Antoinette’s Diamond Earrings | Marjorie Merriweather Post| Eleanor Close Barzin Berkassy | Important Royal Jewels

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All Lovers Knot`s Pearl Tiara Diadem | Five Loversknot Tiaras| the famous Pearl Tiara | Royal Jewel History

Youssupov – Lover Knot´s Pearl Tiara | | Loversknot Tiara Pearl Diadem| Lovers knots| Youssoupff Tropfen-Perlen Diadem mit dem Liebesknoten Ornament

Large Sapphire Diamond Stomacher Brooch | Empress Auguste Victoria Prussia | Royal Jewels | Germany

Large Sapphire Diamond Stomacher Brooch | Empress Auguste Victoria Prussia | Royal Jewels | Germany

Auguste Viktoria Friederike Luise Feodora Jenny of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg was the wife of Emperor Wilhelm II and as such from 1888 to 1918 German Empress and Queen of Prussia.

Large Sapphire Diamond Stomacher Brooch | Empress Auguste Victoria Prussia | Royal Jewels | Germany

The empress often wore this large oval diamond brooch and Devante de Corsage and was shown in different pictures. The large faceted oval sapphire is framed by 20 evenly sized diamonds and two larger diamonds on the short lengths. A large, even pearl hangs movable on the brooch with an eyelet and three diamonds. There are flourishes made of diamonds on both sides.

Large Sapphire Diamond Stomacher Brooch | Empress Auguste Victoria Prussia | Royal Jewels | Germany

Große Saphir Diamant Brosche|Kaiserin Auguste Victoria Preussen | Königliche Juwelen| Deutschland

Shamrock Sapphire Diamond Necklace and Pendants | Grand Duchess Kira wearing Empress Auguste Victoria of Prussia Royal Jewels | Germany

Saphir Diamant Halsband Saphiranhängern| Saphir Kleeblatt Saphir Collier mit ovalen Saphircabochons |Großfürstin Kira mit den Juwelen der Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria Preussen | Königliche Juwelen| Deutschland

Kaiserin Auguste Victoria| Diamant Halsband – Devante de Corsage|Stomacher Geschenk des Sultans Abdul Hamid

Die spannenden Geschichten hinter den historischen Schmuckstücken der Kaiserin Auguste Victoria………

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The story behind the historic jewels of the Empress of Germany – the original jewel, a diamond stomacher and necklace once the gift from Sultan Abdul Hamid to the Empress Auguste Victoria.



Kaiserin Auguste Victoria| Diamant Halsband – Devante de Corsage| Geschenk des Sultans Abdul Hamid Brosche die elegante Orginalversion im Garland Stil Empress Auguste Victoria| Diamond Necklace – Diamond Stomacher Brooch| Gift from Sultan Abdul Hamid Brooch the elegant original Garland style of the Belle Époque

Diamond Necklace Garland and Bow Collier Present of the Sultan Abdul Hamid|Kaiserin Auguste Victoria Preussen | Auguste Victoria German Empress

Diamant Halsband und Devante de Corsage mit Schleifen und Bändern in Diamanten |Orginal Version Geschenk von Sultan Abdul Hamid|Kaiserin Auguste Victoria Preussen | Königliche Juwelen| Deutschland

Empress Auguste Victoria| Diamond Necklace – Devante de Corsage| Gift from Sultan Abdul Hamid Brooch with the pearls from the crown jewels of the German Imperial House of Preussen-Hohenzollern Kaiserin Auguste Victoria mit ihren Juwelen und dem Diamant Stomacher, ergänzt durch die Perlen aus dem Kaiserhaus, der Königin Louise

Kaiserin Auguste Victoria Diamant Halsband und Devante de Corsage mit Schleifen und Bändern in Diamanten |Geschenk von Sultan Abdul Hamid|Kaiserin Auguste Victoria Preussen | Königliche Juwelen| Deutschland

Diamond Necklace Garland and Bow Collier Present of the Sultan Abdul Hamid|Kaiserin Auguste Victoria Preussen | Auguste Victoria German Empress

Countess of Bathurst | Royal Gifts and Wedding Prestents | Nobel Diamonds & Royal Jewel History

Countess of Bathurst | Royal Gifts and Wedding Prestents | Nobel und Royal Jewel History
Countess of Bathurst | Royal Gifts and Wedding Presents | Nobel and Royal Jewel History

A BRIDE’S TROUSSEAU.

The trousseau of Miss Lilias Borthwick, of which we had a glimpse yesterday, is the perfection of dainty simplicity| November 1893

The gown both for day and evening wear depend on for their effect their perfect cut, rather than on costliness of material. The trousseau includes several useful tailor-built gowns, one of navy serge with open jacket worn over a fawn-coloured Tattersall vest; another of gendarme blue home-spun, and third of brown-fleoked Scotch tweed, which is being made near the bride’s Highland home by a lady who enjoys the patronage of Royalty, was specially charmed with Cuttle Russian coat of gendarme blue cloth, with big square collar and revers sable and quaint strap fastenings on the bodice. The basque was attached to a ribbon belt fastened with buckle of oxidized silver. Cozy wrap of fawnooloured serge was lined through with gray squirrel fur and bordered with soft brown bear fur. The high collar was cut in one with the cloak.

Quaint Spanish buttons of old silver were used on the bodice of useful little gown black diagonal with bands of crimson velvet the skirt and a crimson velvet vest.

For her wedding journey tho Isle of Wight the future Lady Bathurst has selected dress and coat of brown hopsack tweed. The skirt has border of mink and a band petunia-coloured mirror velvet covered with brown passementerie. The bodice has square yoke back and front of the petunia velvet, edged with passementerie. Both coat and skirt are lined with petunia-red shot silk. A large picture hat of brown velvet with plumes of ostrich tips on the left side is to be worn with the dress. Most the future Countess Bathurst’s evening gowns are guiltless of trains, these appendages not being much approved by the sensible and practical young lady.

Among these gowns is a charming dinner dress of white silk, powdered with tiny pink flowers. The hem flounce is run on green and pink baby ribbon, which is knotted here and there, and the bodice and Empire sash are trimmed with gold enamel trimming. A dainty gown of blue moiré has the skirt trimmed with donkey ear bows blue velvet and bands of velvet covered with passementerie of white and colored pearls, the bands forming deep point in front. Another evening dress of de Nil armor silk, with a double flounce of embroidered chiffon arranged pagoda-wise the skirt.

A very pretty Whatteau tea gown in light yellow, has points caught with a rosette on the train and the slight train falls from 8 rosettes between the shoulders. A charming little tea gown in rise pink Lilac silk has full front the silk circled with a quaint chain girdle and clasps of oxidized silver. Dainty dressing gowns, heaps of pretty lingerie, and a variety of headgear were among the wedding finer v displayed in the young bride’s pretty sitting room near the top of Sir Algernon’s high house in Piccadilly, the windows which command magnificent view over the green park.

 

Above in the picture: Lilias, Countess Bathurst

The most valuable piece from the collection of Countess Bathurst, is an early 20th Century Diamond Tiara, commissioned from Cartier by Lilias, Countess Bathurst (1871-1965).

Made from  old and rose-cut diamonds, silver and gold, (circa 1910) the stones were taken from two tiaras,  Countess Bathurst inherited from her mother Lady Glenesk.

The tiara and the preceding corsage brooch, is the epitome of aristocratic splendor and the delicate Belle Époque scrolling motifs were inspired by 18th century architectural details.

Compared to many Victorian tiaras with their often heavy style of mounting and high surmounts this early 20th century example must have felt comparatively ethereal, and it is not surprising that Gloria Bathurst clearly enjoyed wearing it and was photographed wearing this beautiful head ornament on various grand occasions.

 

Lilias Countess of Bathurst | Cartier Diamond Stomacher and Cartier Diamonds Tiara | Nobel Diamonds & Royal Jewel History

Countess of Bathurst | Gloria Bathurst |Royal Gifts | Nobel Heirlooms Diamonds & Royal Jewel History

Lilias Countess of Bathurst | Natural Pearl and Diamond Tiara | Important Pearls, Diamonds & Royal Jewel History

Lilias Countess of Bathurst | Queen Anne Pearl Necklace | Historic Natural Pearl | Nobel Diamonds & Royal Jewel History

Lilias Countess of Bathurst | Diamond Brooch of large Diamonds| Nobel Diamonds & Royal Jewel History

 

 

 

Ivy Leaf Devante de Corsage| Diamond Pearl Diamond Stomacher| Wedding Present to Queen Elena of Italy

 Italian royal tiaras: Ivy Leaf Devante de Corsage| Diamond Stomacher| Wedding Present to Queen Elena of Italy
Ivy Leaf Devante de Corsage| Diamond Stomacher| Wedding Present to Queen Elena of Italy | Ivy Leaves Tiara | Vine Leaves Tiara <Italian royal tiaras

Die spannende Geschichte hinter den Juwelen und Schmuck der Königin von Italien, Prinzessin Helena von Montenegro

The story behind royal jewels:

Ivy Leaf Devante de Corsage| Diamond Pearl Diamond Stomacher| Wedding Present to Queen Elena of Italy Princess of Montenegro

 

Royal and Imperial Jewels of Italy | Elena of Montenegro Queen of Italy | Diamond Ivy Leaf Stomacher Tiara Diadem

Princess Maria Pia Diadem |Princess Maria Gabriella Royal and Imperial Jewels of Italy | Diamond Ivy Leaf Stomacher Tiara Diadem

Diamonds | Royal and Imperial Crown Jewels of Bulgaria | Giovanna of Bulgaria | Diamond Ivy Leaf Tiara Diadem

Juwelen und Schmuck der Tsaritsa von Bulgarien | Queen Consort Margarita of Bulgaria | Diamond Ivy Leaf Tiara Diadem

Princess Eleonora | Royal Imperial Diamond Crown | Tsaritsa of Bulgaria

 Italian royal tiaras: Princess Maria Gabriella of Italy of Savoy Diamond Bandeau Ive leaf Tira Diadem Princess Maria Pia of Yugoslavia
Italian royal tiaras: Princess Maria Gabriella of Italy of Savoy Diamond Bandeau Ivy leaves Tiara Diadem Princess Maria Pia of Yugoslavia

Princess Eleonora Jewels and Tiara | Königlicher Schmuck und Juwelen | Bulgarien

Princess Maria of Bulgaria| Princess of Vidin | Wedding | Royal Diamond Tiara

Princess Carla of Bulgaria| Princess of Panagjuriste | Royal Diamond Tiara

Countess Maria Walewska Corsage Ornament| Sapphire Brooch | Napoleon Bonaparte | Royal Imperial Jewels History

Countess Maria Walewska Corsage Ornament| Sapphire Brooch | Napoleon Bonaparte | Royal Imperial Jewels History
Countess Maria Walewska Corsage Ornament| Sapphire Brooch | Napoleon Bonaparte | Royal Imperial Jewels History

this impressive stomacher pin was given by Napoleon I (1769-1821), Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days, to Countess Maria Walewska (1786-1817).

Napoleons Love Token!

The motif surmounting the central sapphire is a Roman Helmet, alluding to Napoleon’s wish to associate himself with the great rulers of the Roman Empire.

Other emblems, including two crossed canons, a drum and lances demonstrate further Napoleon’s desire to represent military strength.
To the right of the central sapphire is a monogram depicting a ‘WN’ entwined, alluding to the Emperor and the Countess Waleska.
It is believed that the ruby-eyed eagle, surmounting the piece represents the Imperial Eagle.
However, it is not depicted in the usual proud stance, instead it is a recumbent eagle, considered to provide a form of protection to the rest of the jewel, and therefore to the person it is given to.

The story behind the jewel, more history:

Countess Maria Walewska Corsage Ornament| Sapphire Brooch | Napoleon Bonaparte | Royal Imperial Jewels History

Dame Nellie Melba | Belle Epoque Turquoise and Diamond Stomacher Brooch Cartier| Noble Jewel History

Dame Nellie Melba | BELLE EPOQUE TURQUOISE AND DIAMOND BROOCHES| Noble Jewel History
Dame Nellie Melba | BELLE EPOQUE TURQUOISE AND DIAMOND BROOCH| Noble Jewel History

From the collection of 1861-1931 Nellie Melba:

Belle époque TURQUOISE AND DIAMOND BROOCH
Cabochon turquoises, rose and old-cut diamonds, platinum and gold, 1910s, 16.0 cm, red Cartier case offered on auction at Geneve Nov 2019 by Christie’s  Est.  $250,000-350,000

Click for more history:

 Dame Nellie Melba | Belle Epoque Turquoise and Diamond Stomacher Brooch Cartier| Noble Jewel History

Dame Nellie Melba | Belle Epoque Turquoise and Diamond Brooches Cartier | Noble Jewel History

From the jewelry collection of DAME NELLIE MELBA

BELLE EPOQUE TURQUOISE AND DIAMOND BROOCHES
Cabochon turquoises, rose and old-cut diamonds, detachable brooch fttings, with interchangeable central collets and additional half-pearl fittings , 1910s, 11.0 cm and 5.2 cm, red Cartier case

Christie’s will be offered  in Geneve Nov 2019 this jewelry $150,000-200,000

click for more history:

Dame Nellie Melba | Belle Epoque Turquoise and Diamond Brooches Cartier | Noble Jewel History

Dame Nellie Melba | Belle Epoque Turquoise and DiamondBrooches Cartier| Noble Jewel History
Dame Nellie Melba | Belle Epoque Turquoise and Diamond Brooches Cartier| Noble Jewel History

Duchess of Connaught |Diamond and Emerald Indian Diadem from Queen Victoria

Duchess of Connaught, the third son of Queen Victoria married Princess Louise of Prussia. The Queen gave a magnificent diamond tiara, brilliants hanging down in sparkling poaks from a central wreath of brilliants of pure water in indian style with emeralds.
Duchess of Connaught, the third son of Queen Victoria married Princess Louise of Prussia. The Queen gave a magnificent diamond tiara, brilliants hanging down in sparkling peaks from a central wreath of brilliants of pure water in Indian style with emeralds.

On 2 March 1879 Queen Victoria recorded in her journal that she had told her son, Arthur, Duke of Connaught, she would give his wife to be, an Indian diadem.
Then on 12 March 1879 Queen Victoria described showing her gifts to the bride and others, again referring to an Indian diadem.

The Duchess was pictured, with the royal tiara, only one time in 1893, see above, and give it later to her daughter Princess Patricia of Connaught.

In 1911, the Duke was appointed Governor General of Canada. Princess Patricia accompanied her parents to Canada, and she became popular there, on those occasion she wore her mothers wedding gift, the Indian diamond tiara as stomacher, without the center, of a movable ornament like a sarpech on top, with hanging emerald drop.

Sarpech, also known as an aigrette is a turban ornament that was worn by significant Hindu and Muslim princes.

Princess Patricia of Connaught | Indian Diadem of Diamonds and Emeralds | Stomacher Brooch Royal Jewel | Wedding Gift from Queen Victoria
Princess Patricia of Connaught | Indian Diadem of Diamonds and Emeralds | Stomacher Brooch Royal Jewel | Wedding Gift from Queen Victoria

She had her own jewels and tiaras for royal events, because , her mother’s precarious health meant the unmarried Patricia often step in for her mother, as vice-regal hostess, especially during the Duke of Connaught’s tenure as Canada’s governor general from 1911 to 1916.

click for more history :

Indian Diadem of Diamonds and Emerald | Royal Tiara Jewel | Wedding Gift from Queen Victoria to Louise of Prussia Duchess of Connaught

Princess Patricia of Connaught | Indian Diadem of Diamonds and Emeralds | Stomacher Brooch Royal Jewel | Wedding Gift from Queen Victoria

Louise Margaret Princess of Prussia, Duchess of Connaught Wedding | Hochzeit

Duchess of Connaught Pearls |Royal Jewels Perlen Hochzeits-Geschenk an die Prinzessin von Preussen

Duchess of Connaught Royal Jewelry | Königlicher Schmuck der Herzogin von Connaught

Royal Bride and Bridesmaids Prussia Connaught | Juwelen Geschenke and die Herzogin von Connaught

Connaught Diamond Stars| Duchess Jewelry| Diamant Sterne der Herzogin

Turkish Diamond Rosettes Necklace| Fringe Tiara |Turkish Diamond Earrings Royal Jewels |Türkischen Diamanten im Collier

Diamond Bow Brooch Connaught |Royal Jewellery | Diamantschleife als Brosche der preussischen Prinzesssin

Princess Patricia of Connaught | Indian Diadem of Diamonds and Emeralds | Stomacher Brooch Royal Jewel | Wedding Gift from Queen Victoria

Royal Ruby Diamond Star | Gift of Imperial Russia-Prussia| Duchess of Connaught

Alexandra Duchess of Fife | Royal Diamond Jewels Fringe Tiara |Princess Arthur of Connaught

Marina Duchess of Kent | Historische Cambridge Saphir Parure der Herzogin

Marina Duchess of Kent | Historische Cambridge Saphir Parure
Marina Duchess of Kent | Historische Cambridge Saphir Parure

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Die spannende Geschichte der Cambridge Saphire Garnitur.

Die historischen Saphire, bestehen aus  einer Garnitur von:

Saphir Diamant Halsband, Saphir Diamant Broschen, Saphir Diamant Devante de Corsage, Saphir Diamant Armbänder, Saphir Diamant Diadem bzw Saphir Diamant Tiara sind im Besitz der Herzogin von Kent

 

Marina Duchess of Kent | Historische Cambridge Saphir Parure>>

und die englische Version:

Cambridge Sapphires History| Cambridge Sapphires Necklace Collier | Royal Jewels of Duchess of Kent historic sapphire parure of tiara, necklace, stomacher, earrings and two bracelets, diadem jewelry history>>